How will climate change affect the diversity of plants in Nosehill Park in the future, by Tanica and Sally

September 26, 2011. Mission I: Code Name: Investigation
                My partner and I were assigned to investigate the hilly forest at Nose Hill, not too far north of the pond that was near the entrance to an unknown land of discovery. Through a narrow and barely visible trail, we hiked upwards, unprepared for what we were to face. Having done minor research beforehand though, we knew that Nosehill Park in Calgary, Alberta, Canada was a large area of land reserved for the preservation of native Alberta prairie grassland. However, what we hoped to answer as we left the road behind us was how, as the climate slowly changes in the area as a result of greenhouse gas effects, the diversity and species of plants will be greatly affected by changes in weather and unexpected happenings that may damage the Nosehill environment. As a way to prove that the temperature in Calgary was rising as the years go by, my partner and I did some additional research on Environmental Canada and found the following data to prove our point. (Insert Graph 1 here)

September 26, 2011. Mission 2: Code Name: The Overall Condition

                Nosehill municipal park is an open system, meaning the park continuously interacts with the surrounding environment instead of conserving all the energy produced inside the park like a closed system. The atmosphere, a layer of gas surrounding earth, provides the carbon dioxide and oxygen for the plants to carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration as well as various other gases in minute amounts. The hydrosphere, the combined mass of water found on earth, supplies water for plants on Nosehill to carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Through fossil fuel combustion, the burning of hydrocarbons with oxygen gas producing water vapour and carbon dioxide, additional carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. This causes global warming, the overall increase in temperature around the globe, as the carbon dioxide acts as a blanket covering earth and trapping in the heat. As carbon dioxide levels increase, plants will also increase due to the effects of global warming because when carbon dioxide is more readily available, the plant does not need to open up their stomata to let more carbon dioxide in. Therefore, the water drawn up from the hydrosphere cannot be released as a coolant into the atmosphere since the increased number of plants results in a higher demand for water to perform photosynthesis. An increased temperature in the atmosphere will increase risks for forest destruction, a disruption in a woodland ecosystem, by increasing risks for fire threats since the temperature is so high. This is a direct effect on the forests of Nosehill from fossil fuel combustion and climate change. Additional toxic substances are also created from manufacturing, such as persistent organic pollutants like PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) that builds up through biomagnification in the hydrosphere and cause liver damage in humans. Ozone depletion, the thinning of earth's stratosphere due to man-made products and processes such as carbon fluorocarbons, will also affect plants on Nosehill as damaging UV rays will shine through the ozone and damage the pigments in plant leaves. This increase in temperature on the earth also means that the growing seasons for plants will be elongated, providing more time for plants to grow stronger and healthier, however, this may also lead to an increase in weed populations.

September 26, 2011. Mission 3: Code Name: Quest for Knowledge
                The diversity and species of plants present in a biome is greatly affected by climate. Consequentially, as the climate gets of Alberta becomes warmer due to the effects of global warming, the types of plants that are able to grow in Nosehill will alter. With this in mind, we had to find a way to find and identify the types of plants that were to be discovered. After much thought, we created a quadrant, and our calculations be done inside its parameters. Taking pictures of the plants, we decided, would be in our best interests, not only could we have the plants on file for later data collection; we could also identify them using these pictures instead of having them mould over time. Thus, we set up a quadrant of 10.000 ± 0.005 m by 1.000 ± 0.005 m within the tall depths of the aspen poplar trees using merely a string, 4 wooden stakes and a tape measure. From here, we began our search. (Insert Figure 1. here)

September 26, 2011. File 19342: Code Name: In Search for the Berry Roots
(insert Figure 2. here)
                Ribes hirtellum or the wild gooseberry. This plant tends to survive more often in a dry environment; thus, the plant can grow successfully in dry environment of Calgary, and hilly terraces like Nosehill with success. Therefore, an increase in temperature of Calgary will bring advantages to the development of the berry-bearing plant, since, in Calgary, as the temperature increases; the weather tends to become drier. This is why there is such a great abundance of this plant in the quadrant we studied. This species, however, is an invasive species originally from the British Isles, meaning that they will compete with the native species of Nosehill Park.

September 26, 2011. File 04393: Code Name: Scarlet Shade
                (insert Figure 3 here) Cornus sericea or the red osier dogwood. Prefers an environment that is fairly moist, like swamps, red osier dogwood is a shrub and is able to grow in shaded areas like the aspen poplar forest we investigated. A native species to Nosehill, the berries were used by Native Americans in North America. This increase of temperature will lead to a decline of the red osier dogwood populations, hence the loss of the members of a native species. This will affect Nosehill greatly since the park is set aside as conservation ground for native Alberta grassland. (insert Figure 4. here)

September 26, 2011. File 492573: Code Name: Invasion
                Taraxacum officinal or the dandelion. This plant usually prefers damper soil for growth; however, the plant can also succeed in growth in a variety of areas and in most areas with temperate but dry climates on earth, such as Calgary. Taking advantage of Calgary warmer climates will increase the population of this species since the growing seasons will extend further, thus allowing more time for this invasive species to flower and spread seeds. Originally hailing from Europe for culinary purposes, the dandelion has proved strong after being introduction into North America and has spread that strength among descendants of the original plants. (insert Figure 5. here)

September 26, 2011. File 628201: Code Name: Blue Recruit
(insert Figure 6. here)
                Aster oolentangiensis or the azure or sky blue aster (asters are a type of daisies). This flowering plant can grow in a majority of environments such as the rocky soil of the hills at Nosehill Park. Asters are available all over the world; but only a couple types of aster, such as the azure aster, are native species in both North America and Eurasia, thus these asters can be considered a native plant to Nosehill. The subspecies of asters that grows in North America can tolerate cold temperatures and can grow in clay soil. An increase in temperature may decrease the population of this subspecies of asters since it is used to cold weather, but the entire genus of asters will not be affected majorly. 

September 26, 2011. File 294727: Code Name: Winter Memories
(insert Figure 7. here)
                Symphoricarpos albus or the snowberry. Snowberries tend to grow in shaded areas across moist mountains and forest habitats such as the hilly landscape of Nosehill. This species is a native species to Nosehill; the berries were used by Native Americans in North America. An increase in temperature of Calgary will decrease the numbers in population of this species since an increase in temperature will increase the rate of evaporation of water in soil, which make the environment unfit for growth of snowberries. Hence, the loss of a native species is possible.

September 26, 2011. File 284291: Code Name:  Piercing Thorns
(insert Figure 8. here)
                Rosa rubiginosa or the prickly wild rose. A flowering plant that prefers to grow in damp areas. However, the prickly wild rose tolerates drought, a large range of cold to hot temperatures, and wind. The climate of Nosehill fits the preferred climate for the prickly wild rose, as Calgary is very dry, and the temperature fluctuates throughout the year, and it is very windy on the hills. An increase in temperature will increase the numbers in population of this species since Calgary is a fairly cool location, the same species is shown to be able to strive in much warmer areas such as New Zealand, and thus an increase in temperature will not negatively affect the population of this plant. This is an invasive species; the rose originated in Eurasia for commercial cultivation, and was introduced to North America. (insert Figure 9. here) 

September 26, 2011. File 38109: Code Name: Native Snow
                Symphoricarpos occidentale, also known as the wolfberry or western snowberry. A plant that flowers and usually prefers to grow in shaded areas across moist mountains and forest habitats such as the hilly landscapes of Nosehill. An increase in temperature of Calgary will decrease the numbers in population of this species since an increase in temperature will increase the rate of evaporation of water in soil, which make the environment unfit for growth. This species is a native species to Nosehill, as Native Americans in North America used the berries. (insert Figure 10. here) 

September 26, 2011. File 241420: Code Name: Trembling Autumn
                Populus tremuloides or the aspen poplar is a tree common to the Northern Hemisphere. Aspen poplar habitats range from warmer regions to high altitudes in the mountains. Thus the aspen poplar is able to strive in Nosehill as the park has a high altitude and temperature changes from warm to cold year round. An increase temperature in Nosehill will increase in number of population for aspen popular, since an increase in temperature will increase the evaporation of water, thus increasing risks of fire. Aspen poplars tend to survive after fires since their roots are not burned out and the tree prefers exposure to light. This species is native to Alberta. 

September 26, 2011. Mission 4: Code Name: Message of Regret
                In conclusion, the majority of the invasive species tend to strive quite well in if the climate of Nosehill became warmer while the native plant species tend to decrease in numbers when temperature increases. This proves that an increase in temperature will slowly deprive Nosehill’s original plant ecosystem, and replace the native plants with plants that are more adaptable to heat. (insert Figure 11. here)

September 26, 2011. Mission 5: Code Name: Before Dark
                We, as people, are able to save the natural native forest ecosystem of Nosehill Park. Climate change has always been a natural force but humans have become catalysts for this reaction. Each day, many activities performed by humans have been contributing to the work of global warming. We must not let this happen. There will be no change unless we strive for one, work for one. Individuals must take their own step to change the future. If every person made a small change to their lifestyle, we could make a difference and preserve the hidden nature around us.

Grassland Interactions by Andrea and Sophie

Psychopaths, Predators, Prey and Samaritans by Sophie
            One could spend eons of time marveling at the cornucopia of organisms in the grasslands of Nose Hill Park and yet not know everything about them for it is one thing to be able to identify these organisms and another to understand the interactions between them. Organisms depend upon each other and nature depends on them. This blog highlights the kinds of interactions between grassland organisms, looks at the succession of these organisms and of the grasslands of Nose Hill park itself and compares them to the forest and pond biomes as well as Edworthy Park.             Firstly, what is an interaction? An interaction is the quality, state or process of (two or more organisms) acting on each other (Hallworth, 1988). There are many kinds of interactions, and a pair of signs denotes them, such as (+/-), to symbolize how an interaction affects the population of the involved organisms. Let us take a look at interspecific interactions- relationships between the species of a community (an assemblage of populations in an area or habitat).

Commensalism is a +/0 interaction that benefits only one of the species involved while the other species is unaffected. One such example is the Buffalo Bean (Astragalus crassicarpus), also known as the Ground Plum, which produces a plum-like fruit 20mm in diameter, with dry “plums” of previous years stashed away by Ground Squirrels as a food source. The Buffalo Bean is not harmed and Ground Squirrels receive nutrients. Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum) is a grass with fruit that each have 4-8 barbed awns that attach to animals and clothing. It benefits for it regenerates by prolific seed production while transporters of awns are otherwise unaffected.

Mutualism is a +/+ relationship where both species involved benefits, for example the process of pollination, in which bumblebees transfer pollen from the anthers to the stigmas of Bebb’s Willow (Salix bebbiana). The willow is able to reproduce and the pollinator, the bee, attains pollen to meet its energy requirements and to produce offspring. Another example is dung fungus, such as Panaeolus separatus and Stropharia semiglobata, which fruits on mammal droppings. This provides a food source for animals that eat mushrooms, such as rodents, and allows the fungus to thrive.

Predation is a +/- interaction in which an organism (predator) captures and feeds on another organism (prey), thus benefiting one organism while the other suffers. Some prey adaptations such as camouflage, or cryptic coloration, makes them difficult to be spotted against their surroundings. Protective coloration is when species camouflage (make themselves blend in with the environment that they live in) by their color, so that their predators don’t see them. (Campbell, N. & Reece, J., 2002).  Prairie long-tailed weasels, which prey on Hares, Ground Squirrels, Voles and Mice, turn white in the winter to camouflage with their white surroundings and are snuff-brown in the summer. The Ammophilia spp. (thread-waisted wasp) is a predator that consumes a caterpillar (prey) and assassin bugs eat other bugs by stabbing them with their proboscis and injecting a toxin that dissolves their tissue, which they ingest. The Pterostichus melanarius preys on caterpillars, species of beetles, aphids, weevils, and earthworms. Mourning Cloak and Anglewing butterflies (+) lay their eggs on the buds of Willows, Poplars, Nettles and Gooseberries (-) and also use them as food sources.

Parasitism is a +/- symbiotic relationship (any relationship where two species live closely together) between an organism (parasite) that lives inside or on another organism (host) and harms it by obtaining nutrients from the host. Fleas and mosquitoes (parasite) feed on the blood of Richardson Ground Squirrels (host) and mammals in general. The Ammophilia spp. (thread-waisted wasp) uses caterpillars as storage sites for its larvae by stinging and paralyzing the caterpillar, then burrows it, lays an egg on it, and seals the burrow.

Interspecific competition is a  -/- interaction as conflict exists between two or more different species that rely on the same limited resource, including food, water and resting sites. Pasture sage (Artemisia frigida) and broomweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) are unpalatable plants, leading to them increasing on overgrazed areas of Nose Hill. This creates competition with other species of plants, such as prairie sage (Artemisia ludoviciana), for the land and causes soil erosion. Another example is Marasmius oreades, the Fairy Ring Mushroom, which is constructed from mycelium. It grows in rings that originate from a spore and the mycelium makes the soil of the outer ring nonwettable and droughty, causing conflict with Tulostoma simulans for water.

Intraspecific competition a -/- relationship in which conflict between individuals of the same species arises for a resource that is in short supply. Paradigms of this are assassin bugs for when there is nothing to eat, they compete to eat each other.

Batesian Mimicry is when a harmless species (mimic) copies a harmful species (model) in order to trick predators into keeping their distance from them. The White Admiral or Red-spotted Purple (Basilarchia arthemis rubrofasciata) is a mimic of the poisonous Pipevine Swallowtail (Battus philenor) with its black with iridescent blue hind wings.

Müllerian mimicry is when each species is harmful and resembles the other while serving as a model. The Robber Fly, which has saliva with enzymes that paralyze and digest the insides of its prey when it injects it into them, mimics wasps, which have a powerful sting.

Comparisons to the Pond and Forest Ecosystems of Nosehill

Commensalism is found at the pond between marsh wrens and cattail plants. The marsh wrens build their nests on the stalks of cattails, gaining shelter from predators, but do not affect the plant itself. This is an instance of commensalism because the organisms that are using primary producers as protection gain because they stay safe and the primary producers do not gain or lose anything. Another example of commensalism found is between damselfly and dragonfly nymphs and pondweeds. The nymphs hide at the bottom of the pond among the pondweeds, allowing them safety and camouflage from predators as well as the ability to surprise and attack prey. In turn, the nymphs affect the pondweeds neither positively nor negatively. In the forest, commensalism can be seen when lichens grow on the higher branches of aspen trees. As lichens grow on trees, they receive their needed nutrients, and are able to grow and reproduce. While this benefits the lichens, it doesn’t benefit nor harm the branch or the tree that the lichen is living on. These interactions echo those of the grasslands, in which an organism gains a food source while the other is not impacted, however, roles of protection and reproduction are not mentioned.

At the pond, fungus and algae exemplify mutualism. Fungus provides a tough, waterproof body able to withstand extreme environments on rocks, being good at obtaining water and secreting acids to dissolve minerals from the rocks. It also produces carbon dioxide. All of these materials are then provided for the algae, which use them in photosynthesis to produce sugars, which are then shared with the fungus. Another example is between algae and freshwater snails, where the algae find substrates on the shells or carapaces of the snails, which in turn benefit from the camouflage. At the forest, bumblebees take pollen from flowering plants to make honey for themselves and spreads it to other plants. Both fungi and bumblebees are involved in mutualism at the grasslands.

In the pond ecosystem, the main predators found are the Pond Wolf Spider (Pardosa pseudoannulata), Harvestmen (Opiliones), damselfly and dragonfly nymphs and adults such as the Aeshnidae, Water Boatman (Corixidae), Predacious Diving Beetle (Hydaticus modestus), Flatworm (Dugesia polychroa), Wasp, Mallard duck, and Black-billed magpie. Pond Wolf Spiders commonly capture prey such as damselflies and dragonflies, injecting them with fatal poison using its chelicerae, and then proceed to consume them. (Clifford, 1991) In addition, damselfly and dragonfly nymphs will use their powerful jaws to kill and eat mollusks, other insects, crustaceans, worms, and small fish. Another example is Hydatiscus Modestus (Predacious Diving Beetle) that clings to grasses or pieces of wood along the bottom of the pond, hold perfectly still until prey (e.g. tadpoles, glassworms) pass by, then lunge, trapping their soon-to-be-food between their front legs and killing them by biting down with their pincers. (Clifford, 1991). In the forest ecosystem, the sidewalk carabid is a beetle that is prey to may predators like frogs, toads, and birds. As well, daddy long-legs have fangs for predation and prey/feed on insects and fecal material. These interactions parallel those of the grasslands in the sense that insects feed on other insects.

A case of parasitism in the pond is when a wasp stings and paralyzes a Pond Wolf Spider, afterwards taking it to a nest and laying an egg in it. The larvae will consume the still-living spider; often from the inside out. This is a parasitic relationship as the host, the spider, loses by undergoing fatal harm while the parasite, the wasp larvae, gains as it cannot survive without the nutrients and shelter the spider’s body provides. In the forest, deer ticks attach themselves to white-tailed deer. Those ticks get food, and a place to live in, and reproduce, so they benefit from this relationship. Meanwhile, the deer suffer because they’re letting multiple different ticks (especially after reproduction) feed on it’s blood, and some ticks might carry disease, so the deer can get infected. Both of these examples of parasitism are found in the grassland ecosystem.

One example of interspecific competition is between dragonflies and damselflies for prey. Because of pollution in both the water and air, many organisms the two species prey on do not grow as large or live as long, thus being in short supply. This interaction between insects was not highlighted but was for plants and is applicable to the grasslands.

One example of intraspecific competition is between leeches, fighting over food sources. Due to pollution, organisms in the pond such as snails, frogs, dragonfly and damselfly nymphs are easily put at risk. This is an example of intraspecific competition because leeches of the same species feed on these organisms in short supply, consequently resulting in conflict. Some leeches occasionally even eat other leeches as both a defense mechanism and as a way to gain sustenance. Both leeches lose from expending energy and both are usually harmed in the conflict. This is not seen in the grasslands for leeches do not thrive in dry environments but a shortage of food supply is seen as the source of conflict in the grasslands.

An example of Batesian mimicry present at the Nose Hill pond is when harmless hoverflies mimic bees’ and wasps’ distinctive bright striped coloring. As members of Diptera, all hoverflies have a single functional pair of wings, similar to a wasps’. (Clifford, 1991) They are also brightly colored, with spots, stripes, and bands of yellow or brown on their bodies. Due to this coloring, they are often mistaken for wasps or bees. This interaction between butterflies is also seen in the grasslands.

An example of Mullerian mimicry present in the Nose Hill pond would be where flatworms, which excrete toxic body fluids when dying, mimic the poison-carrying nudibranchs. This interaction is not seen in the grasslands, for this is an organism whose niche is the pond, which generalizes the interactions between the different ecosystems of Nosehill. You will notice that those of the forest and grassland are most similar, with exceptions to insects, which reside in multiple ecosystems.

Succession patterns noticed in the grasslands of Nosehill Park by Andrea I

            In the grasslands of Nosehill there are many diverse species of plants, insects and animals around. The large span of land that Noseshill Park covers enables a suitable habitat for numerous animals. Nosehill is currently home to 136 different kinds of birds and 27 species of mammals. Nosehill Park is a climax community because a natural ecological succession was developed through the many ecosystems. Climax community is the stable, final community that develops from ecological succession (Freeman, 2008). Although it is a great living area for many creatures due to exterior impacts the diversity and the large numbers of each animal has decreased. Nosehill was shaped from the glaciers melting and eroding. Plants started to bloom and grow from rocks and gravel; Nosehill became a grassland-dominated park from rocks, this is called primary succession. Primary succession is the gradual colonization of a habitat of bare rock or gravel, usually after an environmental disturbance that removes all soil and previous organisms (Freeman, 2008). There is also a secondary succession; this is another way that can greatly diminish the diversity and numbers or plants and animals. Secondary succession is the gradual colonization of a habitat after an environmental disturbance (e.g., fire, windstorm, logging) that removes some or all-previous organisms but leaves the soil intact (Freeman, 2008). An example of a secondary succession would be how the grasslands and the forests grew back after the fires that had occurred. The scenery grew back to be how it was even if it went through a disaster.

From the first days of Nosehill until now, the surroundings of this park has change immensely. The days where fields of grasslands covered the many blocks of houses lined up side by side; next to each other have replaced the whole prairie. All these houses are located on top of the hill , spanding over the horizon. This is where the first exterior impact on the diversity and specie number comes into place. Many times where there is a large occurrence of rainfall it often collects many garbage, toxins and contaminated goods within the water itself. When this happens the rainwater that has been collected will gradually run down the hill situation across from Nosehill. Soon the toxin water will become a runoff into the boundaries of Nosehill. Due to the heavy rainfall many times the rain water that is running down the Edgemont hill will flood the whole entire park. The water will be gathered at the bottom pits of Nosehill and will stay situated there for a long period of time. If this happens if becomes extremely dangerous as the toxins from the garbage flowing along side with the water will start to contaminate the plants in the nosehill area and will start to kill many organisms due to the high toxicity level found in garbage’s. From the yearly occurrence many living creatures and plant species have decreased rapidly as they take in the contaminated water through root uptake. This poisons them causing the death of a group of organisms or a crowd of plants from the same family. This is why the bottom of nosehill is evidently lower than the rest of the hill. The bottom was made to indent into the ground so that the running waters from the houses built on top of the hill will be able to directly run into the pit without flooding the rest of the surrounding. The construction of this project also leads the plant, organism and animal rate drop as it is disrupting their habitat by creating a deeper hole.

Another reason that contributes to the declination of plant species, insects and animals is the constant disturbance they receive. Nosehill is a national park where many people enjoy hiking and taking their pets to. Before the regulation that banned dogs from entering Nosehill, many were allowed to freely run around Nosehill Park creating disruptions to habitats and leaving manures behind. This affects the stable living conditions that these plants and animals live in. each time we enter and leave their habitat we create destruction to the wildlife, killing plants and bugs on our way leading to a decrease in numbers. As Calgary expands Nosehill Park becomes a tourist attraction that many people enjoy and prefer to visit once in a while. The scenery that Nosehill brings is what attract many people from other cities to come visit. But as the population of Calgary grows the more disruptive we become to the wildlife in Nosehill. We create tracks behind limiting plants from growing normally and naturally on the pathways we walk on.

From then to now, after the time periods were hunting was permitted, extraction the nature was not ceased the numbers and the diversity of these plants, animals and insects have decreased, this is called sere. Sere is the natural succession of a plant or an animal. As time passed by it is natural for plants and animals to most likely decrease in their numbers.

Comparison between the landscape and interactions in Nosehill Park and Edworthy Park

When comparing the landscape of Edworthy park and Nosehill park we have to consider where the two are located. Edworthy park is 314 acres and is 3660 feet above sea level where as Nosehill is only 11.27 square km and 1125 meters altitude. The size of each park plays a large role into what type of ecosystems are found. In Nosehill there are grasslands, ponds, small forests and shrubs. But in Edworthy there is more of a variety due to its size for example ponds, rivers, forests, woods, grasslands and shrubs. The area of the parks allows more or less interactions and ecosystems to develop. The size of the park also limits the types and diversity of the species that live there. As Edworthy park is only 250 feet from the bow river that allows the ecosystems that are near the bow river to intake more water and other nutrients which will allow them to grow stranger and more in numbers. In Nosehill since there is only a small pond plants and animals often have to compete with each other to obtain that water source. That small pond is also not enough to supply for the whole Nosehill.

Some of the major interactions that you might find in both Edworthy and Nosehill Park is predation, mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. Starting with predation is the killing or eating of one organism (the prey) by another (the predator) (Freeman, 2008). An example of this interaction that can be found in both parks is how birds tend to feed on worms and grasshoppers. The predator becomes the preys environment, if the predator is not able to obtain food then they must adapt to their surroundings and change. They can choose to increase their speed, be stealthy or camouflage with its background. Mutualism interaction is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms that benefits both (Freeman, 2008). An example would be when animals eat the fruits off of the plants. The animals benefit from the nutrients that the fruit gives off and the plant will be benefitted in how the seeds can now be dispersed around the park. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed (Freeman, 2008). An example would be how deer’s live in shrubs. The deer is gaining by having a shelter but the shrubs are also not looking any nutrients to the deer so it is not harmed. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to one organism but detrimental to the other. An example would be when small insects like lice attach itself to the mammal. Due to the difference in the ecosystems that both parks offer the interactions among the bugs, animals and plants you might find will also be different

Figure 1: a picture of the labeled bugs caught in Nosehill Park.

We hope that you have found this blog entry informative and entertaining. Personally, we have learned a deluge of facts about the grasslands of Nosehill and view them with more appreciation than we did before. Not only do organisms depend upon each other- nature depends upon them.

 
References

Bullick, T. (1997). Calgary parks and pathways. Canada: Blue Couch Books.

Friends of nose hill society. (2011). Retrieved from http://fonhs.org/

Hallworth, B. (1988). Nose Hill A Popular Guide. Calgary: Calgary Field Naturalists' Society.

Kirker, J., & Kary, D. (1996). Exploring nose hill- a hands on field guide. Calgary: Grassroots N.W.: Environmental Awareness Society.

Nose creek and nose hill park. (1997). Retrieved from http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/nosehill.html

Biomass in the Forest, by Sophia

Biomass is a comprehensive measure in the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem. It can be interpreted in terms of species biomass, where one particular species’ biomass is calculated in a definite quadrat. For our Nose Hill project, we decided to calculate Biomass in a quadrat measured at 1m by 1m, an area that is classified as a small community with various living insects and plants.

A comprehensive study of ecological pyramids

A measure of the dry mass used in the degrees of biomass can expressed using an energy pyramid based on the dry mass of tissue of organisms and plants at each trophic level. Ecological pyramids begin with producers on the bottom; the popular producers that we discovered in Nose Hill include a variety of plant species as plants photosynthesize light to create usable forms of sugar and other nutrients in species such as purslane, scowler’s willow, spear grass, and green alder that is to be consumed by primary and secondary organisms later on.

In figure 1, a graphical representation of an energy pyramid based on the dry mass tissue of organisms can be observed, producers take up most room on the pyramid since it comprises of not only insects, but plants as well. The decomposer mass is one of the smallest biomasses measured, simply because our experiment didn’t involve the process of digging soil. Therefore, the concentration of decomposers remains fairly low as we only calculated about 0.02 grams of decomposers on a scale of 7 total numbers of each organism. The second largest mass measured in this energy pyramid are primary consumers as we counted a total number of over 40 primary consumers weighing about 0.05 grams in total. This number clearly demonstrates to us that primary producers along with producers are some of the building blocks required for the pyramid to support further trophic levels of life in Nose Hill and can be seen as a ratio to compare with the shockingly small numbers of secondary consumers. Only 3 secondary consumers were present in this particular pyramid as they weight about 0.02 grams in mass, the exact number present in decomposers but on a smaller scale. To extrapolate this data beyond the scientific horizon, some possible solutions that we developed with our hypothesis match up along with the reason why tertiary consumers weight about 0.04 grams ranging at 12 organisms. Due to the alarmingly large number of primary consumers captured in the quadrat, we can predict that the number of secondary consumers in this particular environment may be at its lowest peak as the low numbers suggest. Furthermore, the large numbers of tertiary consumers is also easily understandable since 75% of the tertiary consumers that we captured were mosquitos. Mosquitos primarily feed on the blood of Homo sapiens; they don’t necessarily need plant life or other smaller bugs to survive. Due to the hot weather present on the day of the data collection, it is fair to say that a large number of mosquitos were captured due to human interference within the Nose Hill community.

    Types of organisms and plants observed in forest communities

An array of different organisms and plants were present within our observational range as it helped us identify the different biomasses and pyramids that we could create in order to correctly calculate the biomass of the separate wildlife components and how they all tie together in an energy pyramid within a forest community in Nose Hill. Below is a table that accurately summarizes our findings of each specific organism and plants observed.

Name of Each Observed Trophic Level	Types of Organisms Observed
Producers	Trees, shrubs, saplings, seedlings
Primary Consumers	Aphid, fruit flies, blowfly, sawfly
Secondary Consumers	Mosquitoes, spiders, chalicidfly
Tertiary Consumers	Spider, ladybug (lady bug beetle), yellow lacewing, mosquitoes
Decomposers	Flies, termite

Table 1. Observed organisms in a 1m x 1m quadrat set in the forest of Nose Hill Park. Not all could be identified, general organisms observed are recorded, due to the specific time arrangements during the date collection process, certain minor errors may be present because of systematic and random error within the time frame given and techniques used. The recording of the specified location using longitude and latitude was used and may be helpful in gathering future data, the altitude is 1205 m, latitude is 51°, 6.794m N, the longitude was 114°, 7.750 W.

© Sophia Yang and Yuchen Yang

Of course, the quadrat and space that we condensed our self to was a huge factor in determining the organisms and plants present in our project due to reduced spacing in comparison if we were to use a 10m by 10m quadrat, below is a picture of our quadrat used with a variety of plants observed.

We were able to observe trees, shrubs, saplings, and a few small arrays of seedlings in this particular quadrat, small branches and leaves of oak trees and evergreen leaves can be found, one particular interesting species of sapling that we found and would like to do future research on is the sapling displayed in picture 2. The human impact present in Nose Hill and the different organisms interaction is greatly varied as it can observed that towards the left side of the leaf, a small hole is present, mostly likely from the distribution of this plant to primary producers and small possible decomposers.

After much consideration, we came into conclusion that the sawfly and the flying ant were two of the most important organisms because of their weight in ratio with the other organisms (insects) in each trophic level. Sawfly belongs with primary consumers as it eats plants leaves in its larva stage, pioneers on willow, poplar, alder spirea, also present in clearings and forest edges. The sawfly that we captured was most likely near a wooded region in the forest as it was likely a willow or poplar tree that it stuck onto. Flying ant is considered a secondary consumer that eats a variety of small insects that they capture or dead insects that they find because they need to balance carbohydrates and proteins, since protein is needed for queen to lay eggs and larvae to grow. Some of the small primary consumer insects that the flying ant could indulge include aphid, fruit flies, blowfly, sawfly and sawfly.

Despite our writings about the sawfly and flying ant, some other important organisms that we also found will be included in the pictures below as they help to establish a clear understanding of some of the other trophic level insects that we took a look at.

Some of the other insects that we took a look at through the compound light microscope using the computer software included the Seven Dotted Ladybug and also common types of mosquitoes found throughout the city of Calgary.

Name of Each Observed Trophic Level	Mass of Different Trophic Levels (g) +/- 0.01g	Number of Organisms Observed and Collected (#)
Producers	99.15	N/A (Plants)
Primary Consumers	0.05	41
Secondary Consumers	0.02	3
Tertiary Consumers	0.04	12
Decomposers	0.02	7

Table 2. Observed masses of the dried organisms along with the number of organisms observed and collected in each different trophic level measured in the 1m x 1m quadrat. The mass was measured on a digital scale, therefore has a measurement error of +/- 0.01g, and may differ depending on the air/wind in the room while measuring. The recording of the specified location using longitude and latitude was used and may be helpful in gathering future data, the altitude is 1205 m, latitude is 51°, 6.794m N, the longitude was 114°, 7.750 W.

© Sophia Yang and Yuchen Yang

Table 2 actively portrays the mass weighed and calculated for each trophic level present in the usage of dry mass in correlation with the number of organisms present. This table has been reference to in the pyramid picture displayed above since it demonstrates a relationship between the number of organism and the overall weight that each individual organism approximately weighs.

Name of Each Observed Trophic Level	Averaged calculated weight per one organism (g) +/- 0.001g
Producers	N/A (Plants)
Primary Consumers	0.0012
Secondary Consumers	0.0067
Tertiary Consumers	0.0033
Decomposers	0.0029

Table 3. The averaged calculated weight per one organism measured in grams with an uncertainty of +/- 0.001g observed and collected in each different trophic level measured in the 1m x 1m quadrat. The mass was measured on a digital scale, producing a total measurement of all the organisms together, this table demonstrates calculated values, and may differ depending on the precision of the calculative instrument. The recording of the specified location using longitude and latitude was used and may be helpful in gathering future date, the altitude is 1205 m, latitude is 51°, 6.794m N, the longitude was 114°, 7.750 W

© Sophia Yang and Yuchen Yang

The values calculated in Table 3 were received by dividing the number of organisms observed and collected by the mass of each different trophic level. Thus, secondary consumers consist of the highest individual mass due to the limited number of organisms observed to divide with. Primary consumers were heavy in terms of numbers but based upon a small scale in relationship to primary consumers small size overall in comparison with the other trophic levels.